Exploring potential risk pathways with high risk groups for urban Rift Valley fever virus introduction, transmission, and persistence in two urban centers of Kenya.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus that has profound impact on domestic ruminants and can also be transmitted to humans via infected animal secretions. Urban areas in endemic regions across Africa have susceptible animal and human hosts, dense vector distributions, and source livestock (often from high risk locations to meet the demand for animal protein). Yet, there has never been a documented urban outbreak of RVF. To understand the likely risk of RVFV introduction to urban communities from their perspective and guide future initiatives, we conducted focus group discussions with slaughterhouse workers, slaughterhouse animal product traders, and livestock owners in Kisumu City and Ukunda Town in Kenya. For added perspective and data triangulation, in-depth interviews were conducted one-on-one with meat inspector veterinarians from selected slaughterhouses. A theoretical framework relevant to introduction, transmission, and potential persistence of RVF in urban areas is presented here. Urban livestock were primarily mentioned as business opportunities, but also had personal sentiment. In addition to slaughtering risks, perceived risk factors included consumption of fresh milk. High risk groups' knowledge and experience with RVFV and other zoonotic diseases impacted their consideration of personal risk, with consensus towards lower risk in the urban setting compared to rural areas as determination of health risk was said to primarily rely on hygiene practices rather than the slaughtering process. Groups relied heavily on veterinarians to confirm animal health and meat safety, yet veterinarians reported difficulty in accessing RVFV diagnostics. We also identified vulnerable public health regulations including corruption in meat certification outside of the slaughterhouse system, and blood collected during slaughter being used for food and medicine, which could provide a means for direct RVFV community transmission. These factors, when compounded by diverse urban vector breeding habitats and dense human and animal populations, could create suitable conditions for RVFV to arrive an urban center via a viremic imported animal, transmit to locally owned animals and humans, and potentially adapt to secondary vectors and persist in the urban setting. This explorative qualitative study proposes risk pathways and provides initial insight towards determining how urban areas could adapt control measures and plan future initiatives to better understand urban RVF potential.

Analysis of bovine postmortem condemnation data in France: Contributions from a comprehensive and standardised information system at the slaughterhouse.

BACKGROUND: The condemnation of carcases and offal unfit for human consumption is a regulatory requirement at the slaughterhouse. Condemnation data, if comprehensive and standardised, can be a valuable source of information for risk-based inspection and decision making. METHODS: The aim of this study was to analyse postmortem condemnation data that were recorded in all bovine slaughterhouses in mainland France from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020 in a comprehensive and standardised information system. The rates of and reasons for condemnation, as well as factors influencing rate variation, were investigated through descriptive analysis and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: The global, total and partial condemnation rates were 4.5%, 0.7% and 3.8% for adult cattle and 1.4%, 0.3% and 1.1% for calves, respectively. Reasons for condemnation varied with the animal category; for example, the three main reasons for total condemnation in adult cattle were serous infiltration of connective tissue (49% of condemned animals), congestive peritonitis (12.2%) and fibrinous peritonitis (10.9%), whereas the top three reasons for partial condemnation were unique abscess (21.9%), haemorrhagic infiltration (20.6%) and muscular sclerosis (17.4%). Condemnation rates were influenced by animal-related factors (sex, age, type of breed) and slaughterhouse-related factors (status, type, slaughter volume). CONCLUSION: Our findings could usefully contribute to the continuous improvement of the harmonisation of inspection decisions and support the risk manager's strategy in the modernisation of official controls at the slaughterhouse.

The animal sacrifice-public health nexus in Nepal.

Participants in religious festivals have practiced animal sacrifice as a core part of Hinduism for hundreds of years-at a small scale by individuals and at large scale at major festivals. Butchers frequently perform sacrificial slaughter openly, in sight and sound of other animals with little or no guidance from or adherence to hygienic standards, which are poor or non-existent. One Health principles could guide development of interventions to protect human and animal health and welfare from these practices, but this concept is poorly understood in Nepal. Animal welfare organizations and international outcry have prompted some action through the Supreme Court, but the result fell short of a ban and little has been done in the face of religious considerations. Public health agencies and policymakers must act to implement effective regulations and enforce laws to prevent the human, animal, and environmental health risks surrounding these inhumane and unhygienic practices in order to ensure the protection of animal welfare and public health.

Analysis of Non-conformities in Road Transport of Animals in Poland.

The paper presents the results of analysis of inspections of animal transport vehicles in Poland in 2007-2016. Due to animal welfare and the increased epidemiological risk the animal control system included the points of carriage provided for in the animal carriage law, i.e., during transport, at the sites of shipment, sites of rest, at destination points as well as at fairs and purchase points. The largest number of non-conformities were revealed at destination points (slaughterhouses), where the highest number of inspections were carried out. Inspections were conducted by veterinary inspectors and non-conformities were mainly related to animal health, documentation, transport practices and vehicles. The calculation of non-conformity rates enabled the evaluation of the condition of the inspected means of transport in the aspect of animal welfare. In addition, number of inspections, number of detected non-conformities and the non-conformity rates calculated for Poland were compared with the values for selected countries neighboring Poland (the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Germany).

Manejo sanitário de aviário de pequeno porte de frangos de corte e presença de Salmonella spp / Sanitary management of small broiler house and the presence of Salmonella spp

A Salmonella spp. um dos principais patógenos na avicultura e têm emergido como um crescente problema econômico e de saúde pública. Objetivou-se avaliar o manejo sanitário de um aviário de pequeno porte e sua relação com a presença de Salmonella spp. Em dois lotes, do ambiente, foram coletadas amostras para análises microbiológicas na entrada dos pintinhos (D0), no 28º (D28) e no 60º (D60) após recepção, feita a aferição das temperaturas, e realizado formulário de acompanhamento das boas práticas de produção. A análise dos dados foi descritiva. Verificou ausência de Salmonella spp. em todas as amostras e valores adequados de temperatura. Portanto, o eficiente monitoramento dos programas de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) e Procedimentos Padrão de Higiene Operacional (PPHO) pode assegurar o produto final.

Unwanted Horse Population in Illinois: Perceptions of Horse Owners, Non-Horse Owners, and Equine Industry Stakeholders.

This paper presents the results of an investigation to determine perceptions, awareness, and knowledge of the unwanted horse population in Illinois from the viewpoint of horse owners, non-horse owners, and equine industry stakeholders. A questionnaire included items that pertained to knowledge of current legislation, equine background, current methods of controlling the unwanted horse population, and methods that respondents believe would reduce the unwanted horse population in Illinois. Results indicated that 58% of horse owners viewed horses as companion animals. Respondents perceived financial hardship to be the major reason why horses become unwanted. Current methods of managing unwanted horse populations were found to be ineffective. Reducing the costs of euthanasia and carcass disposal, allowing processing facilities to reopen in Illinois, and increasing the availability of gelding programs emerged as the most effective ways to manage the unwanted horse population. Results of this survey may lead to greater awareness of the unwanted horse population in Illinois. Furthermore, these results may lead to discussions about future legislation in the State designed to support and manage unwanted horses.

Análise do controverso funcionamento clandestino de avícolas no município de São Paulo

O Brasil possui legislação sanitária rigorosa na produção de alimentos, entretanto questões culturais frequentemente conflitam com as normas, como o abate clandestino de aves. Mesmo com toda a tecnologia empregada e rigor do sistema de inspeção brasileiro ainda verifica-se o consumo de aves provenientes desses abates. O presente estudo objetivou fazer uma análise crítica sobre a existência e funcionamento das "Avícolas" no município de São Paulo, identificar fatores facilitadores e discutir ações para mitigar os riscos sanitários dessa atividade. Utilizou-se abordagem qualitativa para análise de documentos e relatórios gerados nas rotinas de trabalho da Coordenação de Vigilância em Saúde da Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo e legislação vigente acerca do assunto. Estima-se aproximadamente 3900 estabelecimentos com condições estruturais e sanitárias irregulares, porém não há levantamentos e/ou registros. As aves não possuem procedência determinada ou certificações sanitárias. O ambiente é promíscuo e insalubre, situação agravada pela falta de cuidados dos colaboradores. Há eliminação irregular de resíduos do abate, ausência de programas de autocontrole e/ou boas práticas de fabricação. Concluiu-se que as Avícolas são informais, ilegais e clandestinas, impactam negativamente a Saúde Pública pela atividade desenvolvida em desacordo com as normas sanitárias, ambientais e trabalhistas.

Brazil has strict sanitary laws in food production. However, cultural issues often conflict with the rules, such as clandestine slaughter of birds. Even with all the technology employed and the rigor of the Brazilian inspection system, we still observe the consumption of poultry from these slaughters. This study aimed to critically analyze the existence and functioning of poultry in the city of São Paulo, to identify facilitating factors and to discuss actions to mitigate the health risks of this activity. A qualitative approach used to analyze documents and reports generated in the work routines of the Health Surveillance Coordination Oflice of the Municipality of São Paulo and current legislation on the subject. There are approximately 3900 establishments without structural and sanitary conditions are estimated, but there are no surveys and / or records. The birds have no specific provenance or sanitary certifications. The environment is promiscuous and unhealthy, a situation aggravated by the lack of care of employees. There is irregular disposal of slaughter residues, absence of self-control programs and / or good manufacturing practices. It was concluded that Poultry are informal, illegal and clandestine, negatively impact Public Health by the activity developed in disagreement with sanitary, environmental and labor standards.

Attitudes of the public towards halal food and associated animal welfare issues in two countries with predominantly Muslim and non-Muslim populations.

Halal food is that which is permissible or lawful for Muslims to consume. Meat products must abide by a number of requirements in relation to their preparation, condition and content to be considered halal. We conducted a survey in order to assess the knowledge of, and attitudes towards, halal meat products in two contrasting countries, one with a majority non-Muslim population (Australia, respondent n = 565), where the most commonly followed religion is Christianity, and one with a majority Muslim population (Malaysia, n = 740). The most common reasons for avoiding halal food were animal welfare, religion and meat quality. Malaysians generally believed that halal processes led to improved meat quality, whereas Australians did not. The general consensus was in favour of legally controlling animal welfare during slaughter, supported by both Muslims and Christians. Malaysians were more aware of the main tenets of halal slaughter than Australians. However, some non-compulsory, incorrect practices were thought to be required practices by respondents in both countries, but especially in Australia. Muslims were more concerned about humane treatment of animals during halal slaughter. They generally believed that stunning is never allowed and that this view was acceptable, whereas people from other belief systems generally held the view that this was unacceptable. Religion and education were the most common factors associated with attitudes, beliefs and consumer habits concerning halal. Information from this study can help to improve understanding of attitudes to halal and provide insights to policy makers seeking to address animal welfare concerns.

[Job rotation in beef packing operations: beyond the physical dimensions of work]. / Rodízio de postos em abate de bovinos: para além das dimensões físicas do trabalho.

Brazilian Regulation NR-36, specific to the slaughterhouse and meat packing industries, emphasizes the implementation of job turnover to reduce workers' exposure to repetitive and machine-controlled physical strain. However, studies have shown that the effects of such measures are generally less than expected, and that rotation alone is not the solution to work-related health problems. Based on a study performed in a beef packing plant, the article aims to present and discuss real work dimensions that are considered relevant to the plant workers' health and safety. Knowledge of such dimensions is important for the implementation of job rotation projects. The methodology included interviews with 16 volunteers divided into four groups. The focus group and collective confrontation techniques were used, drawing on videos of the work. The results pointed to dimensions already known in the literature, related to physical strain, the required skills, work pace, and insufficient time to perform quality work. New data appeared in relation to the work's heterogeneous specifications, representing a source of psychological pressure during work in the cattle slaughtering areas. These organizational dimensions impact workers' individual and collective activity as well as workplace health. In our view, and corroborating international studies, in addition to the work's physical dimensions, organizational, human, strategic, and pedagogical aspects should be considered in projects involving the implementation of job rotation.

A norma brasileira NR-36, específica para indústrias de abate e processamento de carnes, indica a necessidade de implantação de rodízios de postos para reduzir a exposição dos trabalhadores a constrangimentos físicos repetitivos e controlados por máquinas. Porém, estudos demonstram que os efeitos alcançados com essa implantação são geralmente inferiores ao esperado e que a rotação sozinha não seria a solução para os problemas de saúde no trabalho. Por meio de uma pesquisa empírica em um frigorífico de abate de bovinos, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir dimensões do trabalho real consideradas relevantes para a saúde e segurança dos trabalhadores. Tais dimensões constituem elementos importantes a serem considerados em projetos de implantação de rodízio de postos. A metodologia compreende entrevistas coletivas com 16 trabalhadores voluntários divididos em 4 grupos. As técnicas de grupo focal e de confrontação coletiva valendo-se de filmes da atividade foram utilizadas. Os resultados evidenciam dimensões já conhecidas na literatura relacionadas aos constrangimentos físicos, competências necessárias, ritmo de trabalho e falta de tempo para realizar um trabalho de qualidade. Dados novos aparecem quanto às prescrições heterogêneas do trabalho que representam uma fonte de pressão psíquica em zonas do abate. Essas dimensões organizacionais impactam a atividade individual e coletiva dos trabalhadores, assim como a saúde no trabalho. Do nosso ponto de vista, e corroborando estudos internacionais, além das dimensões físicas do trabalho, aspetos organizacionais, humanos, estratégicos e pedagógicos devem ser considerados em projetos de implantação do rodízio de postos.

La norma brasileña NR-36, específica para industrias de sacrificio y procesamiento de carnes, indica la necesidad de la implantación de rotación de puestos para reducir la exposición de los trabajadores a presiones físicas repetitivas y controladas por máquinas. No obstante, algunos estudios demuestran que los efectos alcanzados con esa implantación son generalmente inferiores a lo esperado, y que sólo la rotación no sería la solución para los problemas de salud en el trabajo. Mediante una investigación empírica en un frigorífico de sacrificio de bovinos, el objetivo de este artículo es presentar y discutir las dimensiones del trabajo real, consideradas relevantes para la salud y seguridad de los trabajadores. Tales dimensiones constituyen elementos importantes que deben ser consideradas en proyectos de implantación de rotación de puestos. La metodología comprende entrevistas colectivas con 16 trabajadores voluntarios divididos en 4 grupos. Se utilizaron técnicas de grupos focales y confrontación colectiva, valiéndose de grabaciones de la actividad. Los resultados evidencian dimensiones ya conocidas en la literatura, relacionadas con presiones físicas, competencias necesarias, ritmo de trabajo y falta de tiempo para realizar un trabajo de calidad. Aparecen nuevos datos en relación con las prescripciones heterogéneas del trabajo que representan una fuente de presión psíquica en zonas de sacrificio. Estas dimensiones organizativas impactan en la actividad individual y colectiva de los trabajadores, así como la salud en el trabajo. Desde nuestro punto de vista, y corroborando estudios internacionales, además de las dimensiones físicas del trabajo, se deben considerar aspectos organizativos, humanos, estratégicos y pedagógicos en proyectos de implantación de rotación de puestos.

Rodízio de postos em abate de bovinos: para além das dimensões físicas do trabalho / Job rotation in beef packing operations: beyond the physical dimensions of work / Rotación de puestos en el sacrificio de bovinos: más allá de las dimensiones físicas del trabajo

Resumo: A norma brasileira NR-36, específica para indústrias de abate e processamento de carnes, indica a necessidade de implantação de rodízios de postos para reduzir a exposição dos trabalhadores a constrangimentos físicos repetitivos e controlados por máquinas. Porém, estudos demonstram que os efeitos alcançados com essa implantação são geralmente inferiores ao esperado e que a rotação sozinha não seria a solução para os problemas de saúde no trabalho. Por meio de uma pesquisa empírica em um frigorífico de abate de bovinos, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir dimensões do trabalho real consideradas relevantes para a saúde e segurança dos trabalhadores. Tais dimensões constituem elementos importantes a serem considerados em projetos de implantação de rodízio de postos. A metodologia compreende entrevistas coletivas com 16 trabalhadores voluntários divididos em 4 grupos. As técnicas de grupo focal e de confrontação coletiva valendo-se de filmes da atividade foram utilizadas. Os resultados evidenciam dimensões já conhecidas na literatura relacionadas aos constrangimentos físicos, competências necessárias, ritmo de trabalho e falta de tempo para realizar um trabalho de qualidade. Dados novos aparecem quanto às prescrições heterogêneas do trabalho que representam uma fonte de pressão psíquica em zonas do abate. Essas dimensões organizacionais impactam a atividade individual e coletiva dos trabalhadores, assim como a saúde no trabalho. Do nosso ponto de vista, e corroborando estudos internacionais, além das dimensões físicas do trabalho, aspetos organizacionais, humanos, estratégicos e pedagógicos devem ser considerados em projetos de implantação do rodízio de postos.

Abstract: Brazilian Regulation NR-36, specific to the slaughterhouse and meat packing industries, emphasizes the implementation of job turnover to reduce workers' exposure to repetitive and machine-controlled physical strain. However, studies have shown that the effects of such measures are generally less than expected, and that rotation alone is not the solution to work-related health problems. Based on a study performed in a beef packing plant, the article aims to present and discuss real work dimensions that are considered relevant to the plant workers' health and safety. Knowledge of such dimensions is important for the implementation of job rotation projects. The methodology included interviews with 16 volunteers divided into four groups. The focus group and collective confrontation techniques were used, drawing on videos of the work. The results pointed to dimensions already known in the literature, related to physical strain, the required skills, work pace, and insufficient time to perform quality work. New data appeared in relation to the work's heterogeneous specifications, representing a source of psychological pressure during work in the cattle slaughtering areas. These organizational dimensions impact workers' individual and collective activity as well as workplace health. In our view, and corroborating international studies, in addition to the work's physical dimensions, organizational, human, strategic, and pedagogical aspects should be considered in projects involving the implementation of job rotation.

Resumen: La norma brasileña NR-36, específica para industrias de sacrificio y procesamiento de carnes, indica la necesidad de la implantación de rotación de puestos para reducir la exposición de los trabajadores a presiones físicas repetitivas y controladas por máquinas. No obstante, algunos estudios demuestran que los efectos alcanzados con esa implantación son generalmente inferiores a lo esperado, y que sólo la rotación no sería la solución para los problemas de salud en el trabajo. Mediante una investigación empírica en un frigorífico de sacrificio de bovinos, el objetivo de este artículo es presentar y discutir las dimensiones del trabajo real, consideradas relevantes para la salud y seguridad de los trabajadores. Tales dimensiones constituyen elementos importantes que deben ser consideradas en proyectos de implantación de rotación de puestos. La metodología comprende entrevistas colectivas con 16 trabajadores voluntarios divididos en 4 grupos. Se utilizaron técnicas de grupos focales y confrontación colectiva, valiéndose de grabaciones de la actividad. Los resultados evidencian dimensiones ya conocidas en la literatura, relacionadas con presiones físicas, competencias necesarias, ritmo de trabajo y falta de tiempo para realizar un trabajo de calidad. Aparecen nuevos datos en relación con las prescripciones heterogéneas del trabajo que representan una fuente de presión psíquica en zonas de sacrificio. Estas dimensiones organizativas impactan en la actividad individual y colectiva de los trabajadores, así como la salud en el trabajo. Desde nuestro punto de vista, y corroborando estudios internacionales, además de las dimensiones físicas del trabajo, se deben considerar aspectos organizativos, humanos, estratégicos y pedagógicos en proyectos de implantación de rotación de puestos.

Toward a harmonized approach to animal welfare law in Canada.

Animal protection law in Canada varies across the country. Federal animal protection law exists in the Criminal Code, in regulations for the transport of animals, and in regulations for humane handling and slaughter at abattoirs that are inspected by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Provincial animal protection laws often include provisions that i) describe a duty of care toward animals; ii) prohibit causing or permitting animal "distress;" iii) specify exemptions from prosecution; and iv) reference various national and other standards. Inconsistencies lead to duplication of effort, create difficulty in working across jurisdictions, and may erode public trust. A more consistent approach might be achieved by i) referencing a common suite of standards in provincial statutes; ii) citing the federal transport and humane slaughter regulations in provincial regulations; iii) establishing agreements so provincial authorities may enforce federal regulations; iv) wider and more uniform adoption of enforcement tools that require people to take immediate action to protect animal welfare; v) developing new standards; and vi) national consultation to define frequently used terms.

Vers une harmonisation législative du bien-être animal au Canada. La réglementation applicable en matière de protection animale est variable au Canada. Au niveau fédéral, on retrouve des règles de protection au sein du Code criminel, de la réglementation sur le transport et de celle sur la manipulation et l'abattage lorsque ce dernier a lieu dans les abattoirs inspectés par l'Agence Canadienne d'Inspection des Aliments. Les règles de protection animale applicables au niveau provincial prévoient généralement i) la définition d'un devoir de diligence envers les animaux, ii) l'interdiction de causer ou de permettre une 'détresse' chez l'animal, iii) des dispenses à l'exercice de poursuites, et iv) la description de standards, notamment nationaux. L'absence d'uniformisation des textes nuit à l'efficacité des efforts réalisés, complique la compréhension et l'application des textes existants et peut alimenter la méfiance du public. Une approche plus rationnelle pourrait être appliquée en, i) adoptant une liste commune de standards au sein des lois provinciales, ii) citant les normes fédérales régulant le transport et l'abatage des animaux dans les lois provinciales, iii) établissant des accords visant à faire appliquer les lois fédérales par les provinces, iv) élargissant et uniformisant l'adoption d'outils juridiques permettant de prendre des actions immédiates afin de protéger le bien-être des animaux, v) en développant de nouveaux standards et vi) à travers une consultation nationale visant à définir les termes fréquemment utilisés.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Caracterização anatomopatológica e bacteriológica em frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal / Pathological and bacteriological characterization on broilers totally condemned due to colibacillosis under the control of the Federal Inspection Service

A colibacilose é a principal causa infecciosa de condenação total de carcaça em frangos de corte no sul do Brasil. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo determinar o grau de concordância entre a condenação total por colibacilose de frangos de corte abatidos em estabelecimento sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) com o diagnóstico anatomopatológico e bacteriológico. O estudo foi realizado com 45 frangos de corte condenados totalmente por colibacilose (caso) e seus respectivos 45 controles (frangos sem lesões). Em todos os frangos condenados pelo SIF havia lesões macroscópicas e, nos controles não se observou. Através do teste Kappa-Cohen´s essas duas variáveis apresentaram concordância quase perfeita. As aves condenadas apresentaram lesões em fígado (27/45); em fígado e sacos aéreos (11/45); em fígado e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e coração (2/45); fígado, sacos aéreos e oviduto (1/45); fígado, sacos aéreos, coração e tecido subcutâneo (1/45); e fígado, sacos aéreos, oviduto e baço (1/45). Observou-se concordância quase perfeita entre condenação e lesão hepática. Histologicamente, em 41 casos e 12 controles observaram-se lesões, sendo os mais frequentes hepatite necrosante aleatória, bronquite fibrino-heterofílica, pericardite aguda e traqueíte linfoplasmocitária. Nas aves com hepatite identificou-se E. coli, Enterococcus sp. e Streptococcus sp. (10/38) e, nas aves com bronquite ou broncopneumonia isolou-se Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (9/14). O PCR em tempo real e a imuno-histoquímica para Mycoplasma gallisepticum e M. synoviae foram negativos. Nos casos de condenação total por colibacilose o fígado foi o principal órgão acometido, portanto, o critério de condenação deveria ser revisto, sugerindo condenação por hepatite nesses casos, já que outras bactérias podem causar hepatite, como foi demonstrado nesse estudo.(AU)

Colibacillosis is the main infectious cause of total carcass condemnation in broilers in southern Brazil. This study aims to determine the degree of agreement between the total carcass condemnation for colibacillosis in broilers slaughtered in establishments under Federal Inspection Service (SIF) with the pathological and bacteriological diagnosis. The study was conducted with 45 broilers totally condemned by colibacillosis (case) and theirs 45 respective controls (chickens without lesions). All broilers condemned had gross lesions and the controls had not. The Kappa-Cohen's test showed that these two variables had almost perfect agreement. Broilers condemned showed lesions in liver (27/45); liver and air sacs (11/45); liver and heart (2/45); liver, heart and air sacs (2/45); liver, air sacs and oviduct (1/45); liver, air sacs, heart and subcutaneous (1/45); and liver, air sacs, oviduct and spleen (1/45). There is almost perfect agreement between carcass condemnation and liver damage. Histologically, in 41 cases and 12 controls were observed lesions, the most frequent diagnoses were random necrotizing hepatitis, fibrinous-heterophilic bronchitis, acute pericarditis and lymphoplasmacytic tracheitis. In hepatitis cases was isolated Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. (10/38) and in bronchitis or bronchopneumonia E. coli and coagulase positive Staphylococcus (9/14). The polymerse chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae were negative. In cases of total carcass condemnation by Colibacillosis the liver was the main organ affected. Therefore, the condemnation criteria should be revised, suggesting conviction for hepatitis in these cases, because other bacteria can cause hepatitis, as demonstrated in this study.(AU)

Shechita (Kosher slaughtering) and European legislation.

Shechita is the procedure of killing or slaughtering animals for food production, according to Jewish tradition and it is performed without prior stunning. USA and European legislations conditionally allow slaughter without prior stunning in the frame of religion freedom (USA) or religious/cultural traditions (EU); nevertheless some traditional events in Europe de nitely represent a concern for animal welfare. It is possible to identify animal welfare issues in the rules for shechita: correct restrain of the animal; adequacy of the instrument (knife); technical ability of the operator. Animals restrain techniques evolved along the time in order to accomplish to less stressful immobilization of animals in course of shechita. When performed in the right way, shechita cannot be framed as negligent or intentionally painful, distressing or inducing su ering to animals. Today's stunning techniques raise concerns relative to adequacy and e ectiveness of stunning on animals, with welfare implications due to automatism of next dressing procedures. Shechita needs in Europe are in line with average meat demand by non Jewish population.

Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Supply Chain and Its Implications for FDA Policy Initiatives.

In response to concerning increases in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has decided to increase veterinary oversight requirements for antimicrobials and restrict their use in growth promotion. Given the high stakes of this policy for the food supply, economy, and human and veterinary health, it is important to rigorously assess the effects of this policy. We have undertaken a detailed analysis of data provided by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). We examined the trends in both AMR proportion and MIC between 2004 and 2012 at slaughter and retail stages. We investigated the makeup of variation in these data and estimated the sample and effect size requirements necessary to distinguish an effect of the policy change. Finally, we applied our approach to take a detailed look at the 2005 withdrawal of approval for the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin in poultry water. Slaughter and retail showed similar trends. Both AMR proportion and MIC were valuable in assessing AMR, capturing different information. Most variation was within years, not between years, and accounting for geographic location explained little additional variation. At current rates of data collection, a 1-fold change in MIC should be detectable in 5 years and a 6% decrease in percent resistance could be detected in 6 years following establishment of a new resistance rate. Analysis of the enrofloxacin policy change showed the complexities of the AMR policy with no statistically significant change in resistance of both Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli to ciprofloxacin, another second-generation fluoroquinolone.

Industrial halal meat production and animal welfare: A review.

Islam teaches zero-tolerance to all forms of animal abuse throughout the halal meat production supply chain and demands that when animals are slaughtered, they must be slaughtered in the mindful and attentive way espoused by the Prophet Muhammad. Why then are poor practices and animal welfare abuses still occurring during halal meat production, and how can they be reduced or eliminated? In this review we discuss how improvements might be achieved through: (1) training of staff regarding the religious and regulatory requirements of animal welfare from on-farm to slaughter; (2) empathy and compassion assessment of applicants prior to employment; (3) installation of CCTV cameras around lairage and slaughter sites; (4) regular employee follow-up training to minimise 'compassion fatigue'; (5) incorporating animal welfare requirements in halal certification; (6) using mosque-based sermons by Imams to increase awareness of animal welfare issues; and (7) making portable humane slaughter units available to small cottage operations and home/neighbourhood-kills through mosque-based organizations/structures.